Introduction
Ours is a fast- paced world, perhaps the fastest in the history of mankind, evident not only in the relatively quick technological developments, but also in the social, political, economic and entertainment realms. It is widely acknowledged that physical goods are now built with a very limited lifespan, forcing customers to replace them on a semi-regular basis. Mobile phones, entertainment technology, and the like are obvious examples. This also has bearing on subjects such as spiritual development, relationships and statecraft. Thus, everything and everyone is now deemed replaceable if (and when) the winds of popularity change (be it organically or otherwise), presenting a level of instability that would not be imagined in times past.
It is in this backdrop that we have decided to have a look at the soul, the core of a human being, a nonphysical item that is (almost) universally acknowledged to exist even after death, that which faces some level of Divine scrutiny, an item that has been ignored, neglected, even abused. The purpose of this article is to generate thought, positive development, and the presentation of this rather complex subject in a succinct fashion. In the end, success in achieving the above-mentioned goals comes from Allah. Wa Billaahit Tawfeeq.
Soul is like a sponge
At the outset, it seems necessary to explain that we tend to use the term "soul" as synonymous with other terms such as "the self" "spirit" "mind/mental foundation" " and even "psychological foundation". (ft.1) All recognize the importance of delivering positive reinforcement, discipline, love and attention to children, and similarly understand that the experience of childhood has profound impact on the same individuals as adults.
Thus, it is true that the soul is like a sponge, yet its arrival in our world is totally pure, without blemish or sin. Thus, Islam disagrees with the Christian notion of original sin, and further refutes the idea that the original sin would have to be dealt with through the blood atonement of Jesus (depicted as son of God, but also God himself in mainstream Christianity). Yet, over time, the soul will absorb both good and bad, beautiful and ugly, largely as a result of outside influences.
The Qur'an says that the most successful has been the one who has been keen on purifying it, keeping it clean (Q 91:9, 87:14). Similarly, it also asserts that the biggest lost is experienced by the one who damages the soul by corrupting it (Q 91:10).
What corrupts the soul?
The world religions tend to have similar ethical considerations (i.e. murder, theft, etc.) and thus see the violation of its commandments as not only actions bringing spiritual harm, but worldly damage as well. Today's world has made these things a bit murky, in that both capitalism and individualism (worldviews that are actually cousins) have had an impact on modern religious perceptions. Thus, religion itself is widely seen as a personal journey, confined to rituals and a set of theological assumptions.
The other side of this coin is that (wrong-headed) religion itself can be manipulated through technicalities, its rules abused, leading to ridicule and outright rejection of religion. These points, the manipulation and misuse of religion, can actually corrupt the soul.
This is partly the reason behind Almighty Allah sending forth messengers, prophets and scriptures. The New Testament presents Jesus (peace be upon him) as overturning the tables of the moneychangers in the temple, and of course the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) himself removed the idols that were present at the Ka'bah, itself a sanctuary built for the worship of God by the Prophet Abraham.
Thus, among the other items in the modern world which corrupt the soul, as seen by this writer, include
(1) Narrow-mindedness: A thinking of "I am always right and cannot be wrong or ever change". A stubbornness that leads to long-term harm to self-interest. This particularly happens in family conflict (itself possibly on petty grounds).
(2) Addictions: Intoxicants such as drugs, alcohol and the like. The Qur'an has placed gambling and even occult practices in the same realm (Wal Ansaabu wal azlaam see Q 5:90) of discussion.
(3) Harmful entertainment: At no other time in history has entertainment been so readily available. Television programs, music, even the messages of influencers of social media and politicians themselves generate conflict, misinformation, the breakdown of family units, gender wars, can lead to harm, if not outright corruption, of the soul. This includes the so-called hookup culture and low commitment relationships. The consumption of pornography is also grouped within this heading.
(4) Idolatry: Recognized in Islam as the one sin that-if maintained till death- has the likelihood of never being forgiven, we have placed it as number 4 on this list rather than number 1, because we tend to have a limited way of thinking of it. Shirk is not simply bowing to a statue or photo.! Rather, it can be manifested in arrogance (worship of self), racism (worship of color or clan), partisanship as well as the holding unto negative thoughts and emotions, making (false) victimization one's primary identity. This is a sort of worship (of other than God) which is harder to recognize and combat, nonetheless it is still a problem that needs to be seen and dealt with via the authentic spiritual resources.
(5) Bad influences: The Prophet Muhammad- Sall Allahu 'alayhi wa sallam- is reported to have said " The man is upon the deen of his close friend (khalilihi), so each of you should look carefully (falyandhoor) regarding who becomes his close friend" (At Tirmidhee). Having close friends who don't share your spiritual interests can be very damaging. In the name of friendship, questionable or outright haraam actions take place, one is influenced in the wrong direction. In an American context in particular, a phenomenon exits in which men and women in their 50's have the mentality and actions of teenagers!
What saves the soul?
(1) Tauheed: Recognizing that God alone deserves to be worshiped. This is more than abandoning the gods of Greek or Hindu mythology. This means making Allah as primary focus in the spiritual and mental realm. In a practical sense, this entails giving priority to the priorities in the Qur'an. Notice that Tauheed is connected to justice and the acquisition of knowledge, and shirk is connected to injustice (Q 3:19, 31:30 etc.).
(2) Spiritual practices: This has to be done on a regular basis to be affective, just as bathing. The Muslim practice is five daily prayers, but there are also supplementary actions such as dhikr (which can be done at any time, in which God's name or a Divine attribute is verbalized- loudly or softly), du'aa (asking God directly), and the recognition of God in everyday activities by terms such as Inshaa Allah (God-willing), Alhamdulillaah (praise belongs to God), Maa-Shaa-Allah (this was Allah's will) and so forth. In a broad sense, we can place the five pillars under this category, three of them are spiritual practices in nature.
(3) Actions of regular charity: As with number 2 above, zakaat is a pillar of the Islamic religion, and in the Qur'an prayer and the regular charity (zakaat) are almost always placed together. Engaging in charity, at whatever level possible, does tremendous work in delivering salvation to the soul, and it generates good feelings in the person who does it. Q 74:44 mentions that refusal to engage in charity (in this case, feeding the poor) is listed as a reason to be placed in Hell. Refusal of engaging in charity is the symbol of ultimate selfishness, a lack of care that is devastating for spiritual development.
(4) Goodly company: In all contexts (including romantic) this is needed to attain spiritual progress. This is not only supported by texts (of the Qur'an and hadeeth) but also by real life experiences. Indeed, every culture has recognition of this at some level. Some faiths (such as early Christianity and aspects of Buddhism) seem to hold the view that spiritual growth is attained on a personal level and that other people's presence is a distraction from that goal. Islam teaches that the opposite is the case. The Prophet is reported to have said that marriage is half of one's faith, and another hadeeth asserts that praying in congregation (jamaa'ah) is twenty-seven times greater in reward than offering the same prayer in a solitary fashion.
(5) Dropping unnecessary grudges: Negative feelings and memories can hold a person back and as seen earlier, can be a sort of idolatry! The Qur'an teaches that spiritual awareness (here a reference to taqwaa) is connected to humans dealing with one another, even to the point that it can supersede rituals (Q 4:1). While some grievances are rightly held and cannot be easily dismissed, it is often the case nowadays that a person will hold a grudge over a minor situation, to the extent that even when said issue is addressed, the 'aggrieved' party will continue to harbor ill-will, ultimately bringing harm to themselves. Islam teaches that God is Intense in delivering forgiveness and mercy (Al-Ghafoor Ar-Raheem), if we want that from God, should we not use it for ourselves? The Qur'an asserts that believers have certain characteristics, let us have a read: " And what is with Allah is better and more lasting for those who have believed and have trust in their Lord, those who abstain from sin, great and small, as well as immorality, and when angered, forgive (wa idhaa maa ghadiboo, hum yaghfiroon.)" (Q 42:36-38). The same Soorah goes on to say that those who engages in pardoning and reconciliation ('faman 'afaa wa as-laha) receive rewards from God"(Q 42:40) (ft.2).
While the above is brief, it provides a foundation for salvation, happiness in this life and the life to come. There are of course more details given in the Islamic texts, but this should be sufficient to begin the process of introspection, thought and discussion where needed.
Footnotes
(1) There are a number of terms used within Islamic texts and amongst Muslims generally that carry slightly different meanings, such as nafs, rooh, (plural being arwaah), 'aql, 'ilmun nafs, etc. For the purpose of this article, all the slightly different concepts should be seen as being addressed here, in the sense of discussing the inner reality of man.
(2) The term 'afaa is related to the term 'afuww (coming from the same root), the latter having the connotation of 'erasing'. The latter term is in the du'aa traditionally made when seeking out the apex of the Ramadan experience known as Laylatul Qadr. If we are asking God to 'erase' our bad points or actions, would it not be expedient to do that as human beings with one another? Q 42:37 uses the verb yaghfiroon for forgiveness being a quality of believers, this term has-at core, covering up, cutting off or being protected from bad consequences of an act. The term comes from the same root as a number of God's names in Islamic texts, such as Al-Ghaffar (The ever forgiving), Al-Ghafoor (the intense in delivering forgiveness). God is described in one text as "The forgiver of sins" Ghaafir adh-dhanb Q 40:2). For more on Laylatul Qadr, see Shamsuddin Waheed: Las Vegas Metro Police Department presentation on Laylatul Qadr as well as Shamsuddin Waheed: Ramadan reflections: towards new beginnings
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