Thoughts on religious polemics

Introduction

Customers in search of one (or several) items will go to a shopping mall, a marketplace wherein they may end up acquiring various items from different businesses. It is often the case that the different businesses are actually selling the same product and thus the need to compete with each other in order to make sales. 

Although crude and lacking elegance, this example reflects the relationship between self-appointed representatives of religions. It not only involves refutations of opposing doctrinal positions, but it can get very emotional. While most recently an Iraqi Christian  named   Salwan Momika in Sweden had at least two incidents in which the Qur'an was targeted (even outside a Stockholm mosque during Eid services), perhaps not as well-known are the actions of an American Christian figure David Wood, who has made his career by producing video content critical of Islam, who actually ate pages from the Qur'an during a livestream interview with another critic best known by his nickname  Apostate Prophet (or AP). It seems to me that the reason behind such ridiculous actions is that of generating business, more so than any other motivation.

Debate

As an academic exercise, it is fascinating both as a spectator and a participant to engage in a debate. In some settings, students will be made to defend positions they themselves do not agree with. This is useful in the development of communication skills, critical thinking, understanding the topic better, and much more.

However, in a religious context, while it can function in ways as noted above, it often proves to be counterproductive. Parties may lie, make strawman arguments, or deliberately seek to provoke their opponent via personal insults, as a means to "win". It becomes little more than entertainment, each side seeking applause (and money) from their audience (both in person and online). Evidence for this is easily observable in places such as the United Kingdom's famous "Speakers Corner". Most of the participants have YOUTUBE channels, PATREON accounts which solicit donations to "continue the cause". 

Moreover, religious debates are more than about theology, they are about identity and often intersecting with current political conflicts, thus, producing emotional outbursts which actually makes people blind to the argument advanced by the other party.

Dialogue

Discussion is a much better way to go in understanding the religious teachings of others. Dialogue should take place in a calm environment. Laymen interested in a particular topic should attend discussions in which qualified, recognized scholars or authorities have the opportunity to present their arguments and engage in addressing questions. 

Islamic guidelines

Undoubtedly Islam presents itself as the completed picture of God's truth, and views particular doctrines held by other faith traditions as erroneous, nonetheless it has guidelines therein that are realistic and respectful.

Among those teachings is that the acceptance of religion be a conscious choice (Q 2:255, 18:29), that items deemed sacrosanct are not to be ridiculed (Q 6:108), that it be presented in a rational fashion, demonstrating wisdom (Q 16:125).

Religious differences, even within the same religious community, are a part of life, and need not lead to enmity or conflict. They can be passionately discussed, and it is possible to benefit from such a discussion, but if those discussions, or any discussions for that matter, degenerate to a very low point, it is better to withdraw from them (Q 4:140, 25:63 and also see 2:83). Ultimately, it is on Judgement Day that God himself will state the truth on all the issues we disagree about (Q 6:164).

What EVERY Muslim needs to know about Islam

Introduction

The acquisition of knowledge is a noble undertaking, yet it is one which takes time, patience and hard work. An organized system of presenting information will have periodic tasks, exams and tests to determine the student's abilities and retention of the data that had been delivered during the course of academic period. 

With religion, particularly the religion of Islam, a great deal of tradition, texts and opinions are available, all of which have a level of attraction and arguments, which can lead to a great deal of confusion and outright dysfunction on a basic religious level. This is demonstrated occasionally within self-study. A person who has, on their own, studied the Japanese language, memorizing vocabulary and grammar to a point where they deem themselves as having mastered it   will often be lacking the most basic of necessary information, and when confronted, will lose credibility. While this is not intended to belittle self-study(ft.1), it is something to be cognizant of.

The title of this article is taken from the maxim coined by Muslim scholars as a teaching tool. That maxim is "The knowledge of religion that is necessary to possess" (Al Ma'loom min ad deeni bid-Daroorah). This expression is typically used in a theological sense to emphasis what Muslims are obligated to understand and believe in.

This article departs from the normative theological uses (while not denying the legitimacy of that usage) in order to focus on the more practical applications which are often neglected or even ignored, precisely because of lack of understanding their importance. 

We recognize that there is a certain level of legitimate differences of opinions, beliefs and judgement calls within the Muslim community (which shall be addressed below), so we have focused on matters that are largely deemed agreed upon (Ijmaa') by all parties. 

The Five pillars

While the five pillars are indeed well-known because of one hadeeth (ft.2), there are details that are necessary to put into place in order for these pillars to actually construct something beautiful. Four out of five of those pillars are in the practical realm, rather than theological(ft.3), and are addressed below.

(I) Salaah: daily prayers

While it is well-known that one is to face Makkah (the Qiblah), it is also necessary to be in a clean state, physically and mentally. This is known as Tahaarah!  The place of prayer should also be clean and the salaah should not be offered in a place such as a restroom. The process of ablution (Wudoo') should occur before prayers, and the state of wudoo' becomes necessary to renew after using the restroom, flatulence, deep sleep, and of course intimacy requires a full bath (ghusl) before salaah.

The necessary texts to recite in the prayers are of course Soorah Al-Faatihah-the opening chapter of the Qur'an (with a high emphasis on any other Quranic texts as well), the terms of glorification recited in the bowing (rukoo'), prostration (sajdah), the testimony of faith (tashahhud) and the pleading for the Messenger and all believers (Salaat 'alan Nabi) done in the final sitting posture. (ft.4)

For Muslim men, we also want to add that the men function as prayer leader (or Imam) in the family. We must know (and teach, particularly our sons) the above, as well as the call to prayer (adhaan), the immediate summons (Iqaamah), the number of units (rak'ahs) for each prayer(ft.5), and how to organize for communal prayer (with family and friends). These things are relatively easy. Other details come as time goes on, as needed. However, in terms of necessary knowledge regarding the salaah, the above cannot be dispensed with. (ft.6))

(II) Fasting:

Every able-bodied Muslim is expected to observe the fast from dawn (fajr) to Sunset (maghrib) during the month of Ramadan. Exemptions are made for the ill, the traveler (musaafir), menstruating women and the like.  A common misconception in the West is that the fasting period starts at sunrise (shorooq). 

The starting and ending times of the fast are very important to observe. It is also a good time to observe more prayer, charity and Qur'an reading. 

(III) Zakaat:

The Qur'an connects prayer and charity (Zakaah) in multiple places, easily observed by even a cursory glance at the scripture. Unfortunately, this pillar is unnecessarily neglected.

It should be made a priority; in the same way our monthly bills are a priority. With the emergence of the internet and automatic withdrawals, paying it should be an easy task. For more on this, see Shamsuddin Waheed: Zakaat: Reflections on its application in the Western world

(IV) Hajj pilgrimage:

This pilgrimage to Makkah, the site of the Ka'bah, is contingent upon physical and financial abilities. Many people worry about the pilgrimage rites (manaasik) years before making the intentions to actually go, yet our advice is to simply wait until it is near time to go, when the travel arrangements have been made. 

Malaysian and Indonesian pilgrims, upon getting the visa, actually go through classes in preparation of it, in a very organized fashion. Moreover, pilgrims travel in groups, and most travel agencies will have a guide in the group to help with the rites. Indeed, when I was blessed to go on the Hajj, our group had a power-point presentation preceding our entry into the pilgrimage. 

Sunnah

The term "Sunnah" in a technical sense refers to the established tradition of the Prophet Muhammad (Sall Allahu 'alayhi wa sallam). The term is widely used to highlight the Prophet's unique worship practices that fall outside of those deemed obligatory. For example, before offering the obligatory dhuhr prayer (which consists of four units), he would do a voluntary salaah consisting of four units. People would call these "sunnah prayers" or simply "sunnah". 

Sometimes the term is seen as synonymous with Naafil, which means voluntary, however in a technical sense this would be an incorrect application, because a person can do an action on their own volition, and it has no immediate reference to something done by the Prophet.

Sects

Between 85-90% of Muslims globally fall under the category of Sunni (Ahlus sunnah wal Jamaa'ah). In a broad sense, the appellation means that they take from the Prophet Muhammad's tradition, as conveyed through his companions and family, for legal precedence. 

15% (some estimates are as high as 20%) of Muslims belong to the Shiite community. They have a number of sub-groups, but the main difference is that they assert that they take from a select few from the Prophet's family (Ahlul Bayt) for legal and theological information. 

While there are some deep and significant differences between the two groups, it should be mentioned that both agree on the fundamentals of faith as well as most secondary points.

Schools of thought

While both sects have varying schools of thought, our focus is on the four which remain among the Sunni community. These schools, known as madh-habs (the correct Arabic plural is Madhaahib), have slightly different methodologies in evaluating and applying Islamic texts in a legal application. 

The Hanafi school dominates South East and central Asia, as well as Eastern Europe, The Shafi's in Far Asia, parts of the Arab world. The Maliki school (although founded in Madinah) commands loyalty in North and Western Africa, and Hanbali in Saudi Arabia. 

As a result of slightly different methodologies, conclusions on certain legal minutia vary. In prayers, the Shafi'ees raise their hands (raf' yadayn) at every movement of prayer, while the Hanafis do so only when initiating the prayer (Takbeeratul Ihraam).

These things should not be viewed as issues to result in division. It should also be noted that the divisions above (among the Sunni schools) are not theological. The term used for jurisprudence, for deriving texts for legal (and often ritual application) is Fiqh.

Culture

Healthy and wholistic practices are welcome in the Muslim community. The Muslim world is actually very diverse in these regards, and while Muslims have much in common as a result of the religion, we also acknowledge the richness in variety of languages, foods, history and perspective.

From an Islamic perspective, we only "reject" that which is contrary to the Qur'an and Prophetic legacy. In other words, the values and clear guidance of the religion is primary reference for us, even if the culture says something else. A good example is the caste system. It perpetuates oppression and separation. Islam teaches equality of all before God (Q 49:13), thus, we follow Islam, not the cultural attitudes. 

Conclusion

The content of this article should function as a foundation for seeing where we need to be in a religious sense. It omits many details and follow up questions/comments are always welcome.

Footnotes

(1) For thought on study, see Shamsuddin Waheed: Simple and easy study methods

(2) The narration is reported by 'Abdullah b.Umar, and is found in Bukhari and Muslim's collections, however, there are other reports with similar content.

(3) The first pillar is the shahaadah, declaring belief in the One and only God (Allah) and acknowledging that Muhammad (peace be upon him) was God's messenger. 

(4) This is also known by names such as Durood Sharif, Salaat Ibrahimiyyah etc. I explain the significance of this invocation at around minute 13 in my recent 'Eid ul Ad-haa sermon, to be found Here: Eid-ul ad-haa 2023 

(5) For the daily obligatory prayers, the units are as follows: Fajr is two rak'ahs, dhuhr is 4, as is 'Asr. Maghrib is 3, and 'Ishaa is four rak'ahs. On Fridays, if in a mosque, the dhuhr is replaced with Friday (jum'ah) prayer, itself having two rak'ahs. The daily prayers can be prayed in congregation (Jama'ah), whereas most "Sunnah" prayers-if observed- are done on an individual basis.

(6) All of the schools recognize the need for Al-Faatihah to be within the prayers, and most recognize that the addition of additional Quranic content as constituting Sunnah (and Not obligatory). With that said, the universal practice is following this structure: Al-Faatihah, followed by another Quranic text, in the first two units of the salaah. Thus, it is important for all Muslims, especially men, to have more Qur'an committed to memory. The last section of the Qur'an (Juz' 'amma) contains short chapters and are thus ideal for use in the prayers. At a minimum, I would recommend learning by heart at least the final three Quranic chapters (112-114) and rotate them in your prayers. It also has the effect of making your salaah more impactful.

                                                                                               

Friday Khutbah :The Prophet's example

 ( Note: The following is an edited version of khutbah delivered 6/16/23 at Masjid Ibrahim of Las Vegas, Nevada. Please note that the opening Hamd (expressions of praise for God) have been omitted, as well as the verbalization of peace for the Prophets. In addition, it has been formatted into one article, rather than the traditional two sections as found within a khutbah.)

The blessing of practical guidance

As Muslims, we have as our ultimate source of guidance and information the pure, uncorrupted words of Almighty Allah within the Qur'an, however, we also possess, as a second source of guidance and information, the example of the Messenger of Allah. This did not occur as an accident or an afterthought, rather, it is the system by which Allah has made the deen, in order to convey and preserve the message of the revelation. Thus, we read in the Qur'an "Verily, you have in the messenger of Allah a goodly model, for any who has hope in Allah, the final day, and reflect upon Allah abundantly." ( Q 33:21)

لَقَدۡ کَانَ لَکُمۡ فِیۡ رَسُوۡلِ اللّٰہِ اُسۡوَۃٌ حَسَنَۃٌ لِّمَنۡ کَانَ یَرۡجُوا اللّٰہَ وَالۡیَوۡمَ الۡاٰخِرَ وَذَکَرَ اللّٰہَ کَثِیۡرًا

We have within the Prophet's practical instructions a wealth of information on addressing negative emotions. He said: "Don't look at those above you, look at those below you." (Al-Bukhari & Muslim).

Allah certainly gives and restricts for whom he wills, in accordance with his plan and wisdom, these are things we are often unable to see, and as a result of our short vision, experience jealousy and the like. 

By following the aforementioned hadeeth, it helps to remove the destructive feeling of jealousy. Envy is an emotion that invites a satanic presence, to the extent that it is discussed within the last two Quranic chapters (Al-Falaq and An-Naas).

Prophet Muhammad also sought to limit those items which arouse jealousy in others. He forbade men from wearing gold and silk (Ibn Maajah). Men are the traditional public figures, and thus by forbidding men from adoring with these two items, it limits public resentment, which can-if unchecked- translate into actual crimes and social disorder. 

Our religion has also taught that when we see examples of God's blessings, we should say Maa-shaa-Allah (as God has willed) and Alhamdulillaah (praise belongs to Allah). 

Allah gives according to his wisdom and plan, and recognition of this helps to remove envy from the hearts.

Anger

There are times when anger is not only appropriate, but also necessary. A man seeing his wife, daughter, children etc. under attack is supposed to become angry and take action to defend his family. Yet, as a general principle it is widely recognized that anger is a dangerous emotional outpouring. 

The hadeeth literature reports that a man asked the Prophet for advice, and he responds (3 times) 
Do not give in to the tendency to be angry "(the arabic text for this is Laa Taghdab) (Saheeh Muslim).

While the above sounds good, our Prophet went further. He practically stated that when angry while sitting, stand, when walking, run, go make wudoo (ablution), offer a two rak'ah (unit) prayer. (sunan Abu Dawud 7482, 7484).

In other words, removing oneself from the situation by taking these actions helps to de-escalate the matter before taking regrettable actions. This is very sound advice. 

Emotional blackmail

The Prophet as a leader, as God's messenger, was nonetheless a human being. He and his followers had been victims of Makkan oppositon for years, and upon the liberation of Makkah, he issued a general amnesty, which benefitted the leaders of that opposition such as Abu Sufyan and Hind. The latter had ordered a slave named Wahshi to kill and mutilate the Prophet's beloved uncle Hamza (Radee Allahu 'anhu).

All three of these people became Muslim and recited the shahaadah (declaration of faith) with the Prophet. With Wahshi, the assassin, he told him that while he accepts his declaration, and he is under the amnesty promised by the new order he (The Prophet) established, he did not want to see him (Wahshi) again, because he gets reminded of his uncle!

So the Prophet, while still carrying on in his role, was a human being with human emotions. He guarded himself from negativity by telling Wahshi he didn't want to see him anymore. 

The lesson is that taking actions of self-protection are perfectly valid. Naysayers and abusers often resort to emotional blackmail and manipulation of religious language to force their agendas; however, we learn from the Prophet that we are allowed to protect ourselves from such things. 

(Most of our Friday prayer and Qur'an study sessions are livestreamed on our mosque Facebook page "The Masjid Ibrahim". In addition to this website, many of our talks are to be found on YouTube on various channels, such as "Arifin Library". For updates, do follow/subscribe to those sites)

Quranic Study Notes ( Soorah Al Humazah 104:1-9)

 Introduction

The Qur'an is a book that deserves deep, comprehensive, and consistent study. This reality even extends to texts that are usually not present on our radars. The particular Soorah briefly examined is a text which most Muslims learn as children, because of its relatively small size, rhythm and message, a few lines that are often used in worship.

This composition is added to the study notes series, in which we are simply sharing an edited, revised version of my own notes, prepared for teaching purposes. 

Two different translations

Saheeh International

(1) Woe to every scorner and mocker. (2) Who collects wealth and (continuously) counts it. (3) He thinks that his wealth will make him immortal. (4) No! He will surely be thrown into the Crusher.  (5) And what can make you know what is the Crusher?  (6) It is the fire of Allah, (eternally) fueled. (7) Which mounts directed at the hearts. (8) Indeed, Hellfire will be closed down upon them, (9) In extended columns.

Yusuf Ali 

(1) Woe to every (kind of) scandal monger and backbiter. (2) Who pileth up wealth and layeth it by. (3) Thinking that his wealth will make him last forever! (4) By no means! He will be sure to be thrown into that which breaks to pieces. (5) And what will explain to thee that which breaks to pieces? (6) (It is) the fire of the wrath of Allah kindled (to a blaze) (7) That which doth mount (right) to the hearts. (8) It shall be made into a vault over them. (9) In columns outstretched. 

Some vocabulary

"Humazah" which appears at the end of the first verse is the key expression and title of this Soorah, it is typically translated as "the backbiter", stems from the root hamaza, which carries the meaning of suggestions, whispers, goading, and is even used for insanity!

"Lumazah" is from the root lumz, which refers to negative speech, can be translated as "defamer". Saheeh international has rendered it "mocker" as noted above. It is the last term of the first verse. 

"Hutamah". Although translated above (in verse 4), a literal translation is actually unneeded here, as it becomes defined in verse 6 as "God's kindled fire". 

Overview

Even though it is said to refer to the Makkan opponents of the Prophet Muhammad (Sall Allahu 'alayhi wa sallam), who would approach visitors coming for pilgrimage and trade with false reports, with the intention of dissuading those visitors from listening to him (i.e. the Prophet), the content of this text has implications and lessons far beyond that.

Verses 2 and 3 inform us in a subtle way that those who engage in this behavior against the Prophet were powerful folks.  They had "money to burn" and, as shown repeatedly in the Quranic and historical references, incredibly selfish, greedy and blind-hearted. 

Slander, backbiting and the like seem to be the pastime of the wealthy, of those who have the power to disseminate their false news.  They do so not simply for the sake of "gossip", but for an agenda. 

In a context of a war for the minds, it becomes important here, as the observer, to find out the truth by whatever means are available, especially in those areas with religious implications. Misconceptions as well as outright false attributions are easily spread in today's world. Thus, look at both sides of an argument before deciding who is correct. Become educated in the complexities of the important subjects, personalities and ideas. 

Those who engage in what can be described as phycological warfare and disinformation are described as those who are punished with "God's kindled fire" (Naarullaahil Muuqadah) in verses 4-6.

These are folks with narcissistic tendencies, corrupted emotional output/feelings, corrupted beyond repair. We find this not only in verse 7-9, but in the Quranic description of the rejectors as found in places such as Soorah Al-Baqarah. (EN1)

This can also be said to not only refer to opponents of religious truth, but to those who like to keep drama going. Thus, it is important to avoid these things as much as possible.(EN2) and (EN3)

Endnotes

(1)  For more on this, see Foundations for proper thinking

(2) Muslims have historically struggled with issues of this kind, and in particular with similar subject matter as given in Soorah Al Hujuraat. There is agreement among scholars that "backbiting" is legitimate when done against the voices of religious misguidance, however the term itself, I think, is not appropriate for that context, as "backbiting" often involves slander and false information.  I see no problem with critiquing views, so long as the views under attack are actually being presented correctly. Often misconceptions lead to misrepresentations, themselves leading to miscarriages of justice. In addition, "personal" attacks are beyond the pale, unless there has been legitimate harm involved, in which case it becomes an issue of public safety and benefit. Qur'an 4:148 provides some clarity on this.   Today's discourse involves practices such as "doxing" and even stalking ideological foes, scrutiny of their family members, attempts to interfere with their income, etc.!   Such behavior is toxic.  

(3) Our Mosque has Quran study sessions  Sundays at 1:00 PM (PST). Most of our sessions are broadcast live, all are welcome to participate. Simply "follow" our Facebook page for notifications of livestream. The Masjid Ibrahim | Facebook

A clarification on the account of Zaynab and Prophet Muhammad

 Introduction

Among the pitfalls of historical examination is that of misunderstandings created by either  well-meaning people, or through   blatant misrepresentations of the lives and actions of important personalities. While this is a situation most regrettable in the religious realm, this certainly happens in the secular world as well.

This can happen in the lifetime of that figure, but it becomes harder to correct after the death of that figure. There are a number of examples I can think of, wherein I had accepted as historically valid a particular "fact", only to be corrected upon encountering a sounder bit of information from reliable sources. 

While this process of acceptance and rejection can be subjective, and certainly occurs in almost every field of study, some assertions deserve to be rejected automatically as ridiculous attributions! Among such claims is that having to do with the marriage of Zaynab, Radee Allahu 'anhaa, to the Prophet Muhammad, Sall Allahu 'alayhi wa sallam.

The claim in question is summarized as follows: Zaynab bint Jahsh, married to the Prophet's (adopted) son Zayd Ibn Al-Haarithah, was an exceedingly beautiful woman, and when this was noticed by the Prophet, he took actions to break up that marriage to have her for himself. Critics assert everything from seduction to incest in this scenario.

It will be demonstrated in this composition, supported by historical analysis, logic and Quranic references, that such an assertion is simply unfounded. It is our hope that this article answers this particular claim, to benefit Muslim and Non-Muslim readers alike. 

Who was Zaynab?

Zaynab bint Jahsh was actually a cousin to the Prophet. As such, she would have been well-known to the Prophet through her life. The reports around her suggest that she had a sort of aristocratic upbringing and world-view, even after she accepted the message of the Prophet Muhammad. 

Who was Zayd?

Zayd Ibn Al Haarithah was an ex-slave, who eventually became the adopted son of the Prophet Muhammad (before the Prophethood). He was known to have deep respect and loyalty to the Prophet, to the point where his actual family came looking for him, and he (Zayd) prefered to stay with his adopted father. He was known as "Zayd ibn Muhammad" (Zaid, son of Muhammad).

As an ex-slave, he would have come from a lower or despised part of society. 

What was the Prophet's agenda?

We have to remember that according to all the reports, it was the Prophet himself who pushed for a marriage between Zayd and Zaynab to take place. The reports assert that Zaynab was reluctant, yet it ultimately happened. 

The Prophet's agenda here is addressing social divisions and class warfare. He initiated a number of actions towards greater social cohesion. In Madinah, he created "pacts of brotherhood" between members of varying tribes and classes, which proved to be very successful. His message was that of unity and breaking down harmful divisions. Even in the ritual prayer (salaah), the emphasis on being closely together is given. He is reported to have said " Establish the rows, shoulder to shoulder, close gaps, be accommodating to your brothers, and leave no breaches for the devil.." (Sunan Abu Dawud 666, reported by Ibn 'Umar)(ft.1).

The Qur'anic revelation itself is the foundation for his many actions, for the sake of brevity we cite only a few  examples:

" And among His (i.e. God's) signs is the creation of the heavens and the earth, and the diversity of your tongues and colors, indeed, in that are signs for those of knowledge." (Q 30:21)

"O Humanity. Indeed, WE (God) created you from a male and female, made you into peoples and groupings, so that you will know (each other)(ft.2), Indeed, the most honorable of you in Allah's sight are those with the most taqwaa(ft.3)  in your midst, Indeed, Allah is knowing, aware" (Q 49:13)

"And marry those among you who are single, and righteous, be they among your male or female servants. If they are poor, Allah will give them from his bounty, and Allah is expansive, full of knowledge ('Aleem)" (Q 24:32)

The breakdown of the relationship between Zayd and Zaynab

It is well-established from the sources that the marriage broke down. It can be described as irreconcilable differences. In fact, it is said that Zaynab herself said she could not even bear to look at Zayd, and agreed to return the dowry paid to her by Zayd, thus ending the relationship.

What happens to Zaynab as a divorcee?

Anyone with knowledge of Arab society, both in the past and present, can testify to the hardships a divorced woman will experience. Subsequent marriage was very difficult, if not impossible. Social stigmas are attached.  

The Qur'an itself states that the Prophet had tried to save the relationship between the two (Q 33:37), but those efforts failed.  It was after that that the Prophet did marry her. 

The context of this section of Soorah Al Ahzaab shows that there was a Divine wisdom in this entire saga, which shall be explored in the sections below.

Adoption reformation

As previously mentioned, Arabian society viewed adopted children with the same lenses as biological children. While adoption, particularly of orphans, is a praiseworthy action, shown by a plethora of Quranic texts and statements of the Prophet, the actual lineage of the adopted parties must be preserved (if known) as much as possible. With the advent of DNA testing technology, this is a task made much easier. 

Q 33:5 states "Call them by (the names of ) their fathers.." Also see verse 4, 36 and 37. Islam asks that the family line, the biological ties, be preserved. As a side note, some of the salafi writers have used this argument to speak against the common practice among Western Muslims (converts to Islam from Non Muslim backrounds) of changing names to traditional Muslim names(ft.4).

The particular relevance to the Prophet's status

In this chapter we have the famous text declaring the Prophet Muhammad as the seal of the Prophets. It is important to note context as well as precision of words. 

"Muhammad is not the father of any of your males, rather, he is God's messenger, and the seal of the Prophets. And Allah has knowledge of all things." (Q 33:40).

This shows us that marriage with Zaynab has three main benefits: {a) It demonstrates that the adoption reformation has taken place, placing emphasis on  the preservation of the biological family line. (b) It removes a social stigma that was present with marriage with a divorcee. (c) It shows us that there will be no prophetic successor to Muhammad. Thus, Zayd is no longer to be called "The son of Muhammad". Indeed, the Prophet's actual biological sons died in their toddler stages. 

The latter is the most important in the Divine wisdom. While reformers and great teachers can always emerge, we are taught that the doors of Nabuwwah and scriptural revelation have come to an end, demonstrated by Q 33:40.

Concluding thoughts?

The notion that Prophet Muhammad was so in love with Zaynab that he had to create false pretexts to be with her falls flat on its face when we examine the scriptural and historical evidence. Indeed, Karen Armstrong (a Non- Muslim religious scholar) has argued that not only had the Prophet always known Zaynab, but that whatever beauty there had been would have eliminated during the Makkan boycott in the previous period, a time in which Muslims were suffering starvation. 

The story that appears in some Muslim sources (that he saw her at her home in some state of undress) is more akin to the Biblical account of David (2 Samuel 11:2) has to be dismissed as fabricated. 

There is great wisdom in what actually happened with Zaynab, Zayd and the Messenger of God, and such hikmah is seen when studied deeply.

May Allah be pleased with those who were close and faithful to the Prophet, and may Allah's peace and blessings be on all of the Prophets and messengers. 

Footnotes

(1) The Hanafi school has a more nuanced understanding of the text mentioned here, as well as the subsequent discussions on standing "foot-to-foot, shoulder to shoulder" in prayers. We have seen problems between Hanafis and Non Hanafis, the latter sometimes taking the reluctance of their Hanafi brothers to stand foot to foot as demonstrations of racism (in an American context). This issue is actually a Fiqhi difference and stems from a different understanding of the texts that surround these practices within Salaah. For a glance at this issue, please see Maulana Abdul Rahman Ibn Yusuf's article at the following link. .See here

(2) The term here is Li'ta'aarafoo, "in order to come to know" This refers to benefiting from other communities of humans, adding to the diversity of existence. This can be found in food, music, philosophy, fashion, and countless other examples. In other words, God is saying he made us intentionally different as a means for us to learn from each other. 

(3) Taqwaa is a rich word whose meaning depends on context. Here, awareness of God and other people is the appropriate rendering.

(4) While the salafi position is understandable, I think that in a Western context, changing names is reflective of wanting a new life. In addition to this, the names African Americans typically carry are names given by the slave masters of generations past. Coming into Islam is a means to create a unique identity divorced from the past social crimes. It should be noted that Islam does NOT command changing names, unless the name carries a bad meaning. Thus, the hadeeth literature mentions that the Prophet changed someone named "war" (Harb) to "Calm" (Saleem), and "Ugly" (Qabeeh) to "handsome" (Jameel).

Personal Islam: creating a balance between public and private

 Introduction

As individuals moving through life, perhaps even in differing locations, we are forced to learn what is useful and what is superfluous. There are battles worth fighting, there are likewise times when simply moving on is best. 

In a world connected by the internet, artificial intelligence, cellphones and social media networks, our movements are open to scrutiny and criticism. This is not restricted to politicians but is now accessible to everyone. Those with sufficient abilities can hack into a stranger's correspondence and even bank accounts, even going so far as to "dox" an ideological opponent or attempt to create situations wherein individuals are "canceled". 

Much of this stems from cultural acceptance of these possibilities as byproducts of modern life, as well as downplaying the harms that come from ill-intentioned characters. Thus, victims of stalking, assault and the like, can receive little to no sympathy, their lives existing as nothing more than a source of entertainment to strangers, friends and foes alike. 

It is my assertion that it is vital for people to create balances in an ever-connected world.  The balance between being a responsible, public citizen and having privacy, a private life that should be respected by all. 

A person's Islam

The above translation of the hadeeth (which appears in collections such as Imam An Nawawi's Al Arba'oon an Nawawiyyah and subjected to great analysis in Ibn Rajab Al Hanbali's Jaami' al 'Uloom wal Hikam) is very strong. On the outset, I would render the translation as " From a person's pleasant Islamic (disposition) is his leaving (or abandoning) that which gives him no meaning." 

Either way, it shows us that nosiness, and the subsequent actions such as speculation, gossip, fake news and the like, are not characteristics that people should have or carry themselves in. 

In most of the Muslim cultures, (as an example) family affairs are deemed private, and it is deemed reprehensible for outsiders to engage in gossip and speculation on those matters, particularly if such behavior is engaged in by men. 

It would do well for Muslims and Non-Muslims alike to heed the wisdom of the Prophetic hadeeth cited above. Indeed, this narration counts as 25% of the texts necessary for a completed Islam, according to the hadeeth collector Imam Abu Dawud (d.889 C.E.). Thus, nosiness is in itself spiritually unhealthy. 

Simply put, if encountering speculation or information on a person, Our Prophet (Sall Allahu 'alayhi wa sallam) is telling us to leave it alone, even if it involves individuals on the opposite side of strongly held ideological beliefs. The exceptions would be if something forbidden by clear religious teachings, crimes, communal harm and the like. In such cases, it is necessary to do something about it.

لَا یُحِبُّ اللّٰہُ الۡجَہۡرَ بِالسُّوۡٓءِ مِنَ الۡقَوۡلِ اِلَّا مَنۡ ظُلِمَ ؕ وَکَانَ اللّٰہُ سَمِیۡعًا عَلِیۡمًا 

" Allah Loves not the expression of harm, except for those who have been wronged, Allah is the one who hears and knows." (Q 4:148)                                

Islam asks for a culture of respect.

A quick perusal of the Qur'an shows us important yet often neglected teachings. Among those tidbits of guidance, we are told not to enter into the homes of others without explicit permission, that there are times of the day when privacy is to be expected and only interrupted with consent, be cognizant of time and comfort of your host, and not to overstep one's boundaries when dealing with the family of your host. (Q 24:27, 58, 33:53, 59).

What about public figures?

Much of the Quranic texts cited above were involving the Prophet Muhammad himself, upon whom be peace. Undoubtedly, he was a public figure, as both a political leader and a person viewed by his followers as God's messenger, coming in a long line of Prophets who have graced humanity with their presence. 

Muhammad, although being a messenger of God, was still a human, with the same needs and struggles as other humans. A gentle, compassionate man by nature, he had the tendency to not vocalize if annoyed, offended, etc. 

Examples of these things are highlighted within the Qur'an in order to give lessons on human interaction. Thus, even he, as any other leaders, have the right to respect and for scrutiny/criticism not to be directed towards that which is not for the public.

Yet, what is interesting is that this happened, not only from zealous or unaware Muslims, but more importantly from his foes. The Qur'an mentions repeatedly this as coming from "hypocrites" (enemies disguised as Muslims) and those with "diseased hearts." (33:53, 59, 60 et al).

These types would find ways to harass the Prophet's wives, spread slanders and false stories. The Quranic revelation instructed his wives to have decorum in speech and dress, (33:32, 33 and 53) yet such actions from the hypocrites and those with diseased hearts continued!

Thus, Muslims are instructed that while it arguably acceptable to engage critically with the thoughts, policies and beliefs of public figures, going after their families or family matters are totally unacceptable. The concept of "doxing" is totally forbidden insofar as Islam is concerned. This prohibition is a natural extension of the prohibition of backbiting, slander and gossip (Q 49:11-12)

Does privacy exist within a family itself?

Although a difficult and debatable question, it is our understanding that this extends even within the family unit itself. Minor children should be shielded as much as possible from the problems between their parents. It is unnecessary for each clan member to know your bank account balance.

The Quranic story of Joseph (Yusuf, 'alayhis salaam) highlights that jealousy emerged from his own family to the point where his own brothers contemplated his murder, before deciding on exile. 

His father, the Prophet and patriarch Jabob (Ya'qoob 'alayhis salaam) advised him to keep certain things private, because he was cognizant of the hatred in the hearts of the other children (Q 12: 5, 7, 8-10).

Similarly, the Qur'an has wisely stated that marriage problems be dealt with through only one "judge" (hakaman) from the wife's family, and one from the husband's family. (Q 4:35)

Making such trauma bigger by involving more parties only complicates the situation. 

Conclusion

Every situation is unique, as well as every culture. Our perceptions as individuals will vary. Our perception of what should be kept under wraps may differ from that of the readers, however as general principles, we should have the religious maturity to concentrate on what actually concerns us, and not enter into other people's business. 

This is a lesson that is delivered by the Qur'an and Sunnah. Some may argue that human curiosity prevails over religious slogans, yet as Muslims it is necessary to seek conformity to our religious sources. ( Q 33:71). Looked at from a different angle, no benefit is derived from knowing another person's news, good or bad. The curious observer most likely will be unable or unwilling to help the object of their curiosity, so it is pointless to "investigate" in the first place. 

In terms of "good news", it is my view that that should also be limited in public exposure. Attention from the jealous, hateful or envious can create it's own problems. I have long believed that the prohibition (for men) of wearing gold or silk- found within the Prophetic tradition- exists in order to limit jealousy, crime and other negative reactions from others. Modesty and humbleness should be exhibited by all parties (but especially those of wealth) in public. 

Simple and easy study methods

 Introduction:

The necessity for learning is a universally accepted reality. Be it walking, talking, planting seeds, growing crops. grammar, mathematics and more, we are in a constant state of information increase, almost until the last moments of life itself.  

While it is true that there are innate abilities and interests that are unique to each individual, and that learning disabilities, social conditions, and mental health conditions can have an impact on educational goals, there are simple and easy ways to develop effective skills to retain, understand, and be successful in accomplishing such needs.

Below you will find some tips which I have utilized, which have benefited me greatly. The steps below have been divided into individual scenarios.

(1) In school (High school, university, or other)

In such an environment, classes are taken within certain time frames, with rules and methods often unique to the institution or the teacher(s). In a broad sense, it is important to have time disciplines, avoiding distractions (that are readily available today via mobile phones, internet etc), adequate sleep, income, diet, and even good peers. 

Some subjects we have to study are actually not interesting nor relevant to our goals, but if they are required courses (and unable to switch to more pertinent classes), they must be tackled. Lectures, reading, taking notes, asking questions from instructors, all are necessary steps. 

While families should take steps to make the above easier to accomplish, it is incumbent on the student to create the environment most conducive to their own circumstances. Going to the library or park to study. Have notebooks(ft.1) dedicated to particular subjects/classes. If the subject under study is linguistic or scientific, as much immersion as possible is necessary. Living in a country where the language is spoken, study of literature, music, and the like. Attaining assistance from those capable people is also necessary.

(2) Individual study

This may be classified under informal study, in which there are no outside pressures, such as tests, deadlines, and the like are present. This could also be applicable (particularly to the elderly) in learning how to navigate the technology of the modern era. 

A great deal of patience and discipline is required here, and depending on which subject, it can be relatively simple. A person can simply have instructions in a conspicuous spot that explains how to use the computer or to enroll in automatic bill pay. That could be sufficient.

However, for more complex topics, some more work would be required. Much of the advice from paragraph #1 above is applicable, but keep in mind that if no (physical) teacher is present, self-teaching a subject can result in internalizing incorrect information, because no one was there to give a correction, especially in language arts. 

It is for this reason that (depending on which area of study) a teacher is highly recommended, even in self-teaching. The teacher does not always have to be an actual academic, but rather sufficient enough to assist one's growth in the subject. That teacher does not need to think on behalf of the student. 

There are countless institutes in operation today on every subject imaginable, even outside of academia. The internet, and particularly in a post-COVID era, has seen the emergence of mass online learning, via ZOOM and other such platforms. While this is very useful, it is still the view of this writer that whenever possible, interactions with those giving us academic assistance should be done in person, rather than in a virtual realm. 

(3) Scriptural study

For Muslims, the Qur'an is the words of God, conveyed to the Prophet Muhammad. The word Qur'an itself carries the meaning of recitation, or that which is to be repeatedly read. The title is very appropriate when we consider the role it plays in the Islamic life. It is the central source of religious guidance, used in legal and cultural roles. 

Thus, we have to divide this discussion into (a) Memorization/Recitation (Hifz/Qira'aat) and (b) Understanding in a religious/academic role (tafheem/tafseer)(ft.#2)

(a) The Qur'an is the core text recited in daily prayers. Thus, all practicing Muslims memorize some portions (ft.3). If the goal is to memorize selected portions for prayers, this can be done via a teacher, repeated listening to the mosque Imam recitation during communal worship (ft.#4), as well as YOUTUBE videos, CDs while driving, cleaning, etc. The mind can retain such texts just as we retain song lyrics. If the goal is to memorize the entire text, this- in my opinion- requires a teacher, discipline, time and patience. It can take years to accomplish. 

For memorization of a particular text (such as Ayatul Kursiyy, 2:255 for example), after one or two of the daily prayers, play a recording of it, and after learning it, use it inside of your prayers. Indeed, rotate various Quranic passages for usage in daily prayers (ft.5)

(b) Understanding the Qur'an: The Qur'an was given slowly to the Prophet Muhammad, Sall Allahu 'alayhi wa sallam, therefore, we must also expect that it won't reveal its treasures overnight. While teachers are useful in conveying information on it, we should take heed that it is also a text which God himself teaches (Q 55:2). While I do consult tafaseer (Quranic commentaries) in seeking to understand texts, my methods can be summarized as follows: Notebooks, in which texts, commentaries, reflections, questions are all noted down and studied. Consultation of the original Arabic text, as well as linguistic resources(ft.5). For a more exhaustive presentation on this, see This link as well as this lecture

Bible study

While I do not claim expertise in Biblical studies, I do study it, and generally follow the development of Biblical Hermeneutics as a religious and cultural field. I have found that writing notes in the back pages, highlighting passages, and notebooks have been very useful. There are also a number of Jewish and Christian scholars whose reflections are very deep in these regards. 

My personal library contains almost all of the English translations and commentaries on the market, and have benefited greatly from all of them, despite my theological differences (ft.#6). Thus, I won't make any recommendations on a particular Bible translation or version. 

General tips

(1) Use physical books for study when possible. Studying via e-books, audiobooks, PDF files, etc does not result in retaining the information nor in easier accessibility than physical books and notebooks.

(2) Don't be afraid to ask or acknowledge weaknesses in a particular subject.

(3) Review your written materials, as well as any lecture videos, recordings, etc., on a regular basis.

(4) Try using (or at least discussing) new information, it will help in retaining and understanding the information.

(5) Have a strong social network, particularly in spiritual affairs or religious studies.

(6) Avoid distractions during study time.

Footnotes

(1) Notebooks should be big enough to note texts, questions and the like. I suggest employing various color pens and highlighters in order to access information later. This can be done on a laptop computer as well; however, I do not suggest a phone, tablet or I-PAD for these purposes.

(2) Tafheem means "understanding" while Tafseer means "explanation", the latter being the term employed for Quranic hermeneutical literature. All the Muslim sects have produced contributions to the tafseer genre, (much of which is not available in English), yet it is my view that Tafheem is a better term, because ultimately these all represent human efforts to grasp the Divine message, and as humans we are subject to human limitations. 

(3) After Al-Faatihah, the most memorized passages include chapters 112-114, because of their brevity and content, very useful for prayers. It is our suggestion that personal favorite Quranic passages be studied, memorized and used in prayers, as this has been another method for retaining knowledge. The "verse of God's light" (Q 24:35), or texts which speak of Divine mercy and the like are recommendations. 

(4) The Friday prayers (Salaat al Jumu'ah) is the most obvious example, but also the fajr, maghrib and 'ishaa prayers, because in the first two standing postures of those prayers, the Quranic recitation is done aloud. (Jahri). Praying in a mosque or a communal setting during those times will allow for absorbing and memorizing texts, and eventually to employ the same texts for yourself. 

(5) There are a number of works from the classical periods of Muslim history which looks at the Qur'an from a linguistic perspective mainly, such as Tafseer Al-Kashshaaf  (whose author died in 1143). Resources such as Lane's Lexicon are ideal for Quranic studies (and indeed, all English translations refer to LL). However, even though LL is in English, knowledge of Arabic language is still necessary in order to access its contents. Indeed, the Qur'an itself cannot be accessed from a truly deep position without Arabic language. There are some dictionaries on the market, whose focus is on Quranic vocabulary, yet even those works have limitations. For English readers interested in a mostly linguistic approach to the Qur'an would do well to read The Message of the Qur'an, the translation and commentary by Muhammad Asad. That work relies heavily on Tafseer Al-Kashshaaf. 

(6) While we have highlighted commonalities between the Bible and Qur'an in the following lecture at this link we have also shown significant differences and the reasons for that here