A clarification on the account of Zaynab and Prophet Muhammad

 Introduction

Among the pitfalls of historical examination is that of misunderstandings created by either  well-meaning people, or through   blatant misrepresentations of the lives and actions of important personalities. While this is a situation most regrettable in the religious realm, this certainly happens in the secular world as well.

This can happen in the lifetime of that figure, but it becomes harder to correct after the death of that figure. There are a number of examples I can think of, wherein I had accepted as historically valid a particular "fact", only to be corrected upon encountering a sounder bit of information from reliable sources. 

While this process of acceptance and rejection can be subjective, and certainly occurs in almost every field of study, some assertions deserve to be rejected automatically as ridiculous attributions! Among such claims is that having to do with the marriage of Zaynab, Radee Allahu 'anhaa, to the Prophet Muhammad, Sall Allahu 'alayhi wa sallam.

The claim in question is summarized as follows: Zaynab bint Jahsh, married to the Prophet's (adopted) son Zayd Ibn Al-Haarithah, was an exceedingly beautiful woman, and when this was noticed by the Prophet, he took actions to break up that marriage to have her for himself. Critics assert everything from seduction to incest in this scenario.

It will be demonstrated in this composition, supported by historical analysis, logic and Quranic references, that such an assertion is simply unfounded. It is our hope that this article answers this particular claim, to benefit Muslim and Non-Muslim readers alike. 

Who was Zaynab?

Zaynab bint Jahsh was actually a cousin to the Prophet. As such, she would have been well-known to the Prophet through her life. The reports around her suggest that she had a sort of aristocratic upbringing and world-view, even after she accepted the message of the Prophet Muhammad. 

Who was Zayd?

Zayd Ibn Al Haarithah was an ex-slave, who eventually became the adopted son of the Prophet Muhammad (before the Prophethood). He was known to have deep respect and loyalty to the Prophet, to the point where his actual family came looking for him, and he (Zayd) prefered to stay with his adopted father. He was known as "Zayd ibn Muhammad" (Zaid, son of Muhammad).

As an ex-slave, he would have come from a lower or despised part of society. 

What was the Prophet's agenda?

We have to remember that according to all the reports, it was the Prophet himself who pushed for a marriage between Zayd and Zaynab to take place. The reports assert that Zaynab was reluctant, yet it ultimately happened. 

The Prophet's agenda here is addressing social divisions and class warfare. He initiated a number of actions towards greater social cohesion. In Madinah, he created "pacts of brotherhood" between members of varying tribes and classes, which proved to be very successful. His message was that of unity and breaking down harmful divisions. Even in the ritual prayer (salaah), the emphasis on being closely together is given. He is reported to have said " Establish the rows, shoulder to shoulder, close gaps, be accommodating to your brothers, and leave no breaches for the devil.." (Sunan Abu Dawud 666, reported by Ibn 'Umar)(ft.1).

The Qur'anic revelation itself is the foundation for his many actions, for the sake of brevity we cite only a few  examples:

" And among His (i.e. God's) signs is the creation of the heavens and the earth, and the diversity of your tongues and colors, indeed, in that are signs for those of knowledge." (Q 30:21)

"O Humanity. Indeed, WE (God) created you from a male and female, made you into peoples and groupings, so that you will know (each other)(ft.2), Indeed, the most honorable of you in Allah's sight are those with the most taqwaa(ft.3)  in your midst, Indeed, Allah is knowing, aware" (Q 49:13)

"And marry those among you who are single, and righteous, be they among your male or female servants. If they are poor, Allah will give them from his bounty, and Allah is expansive, full of knowledge ('Aleem)" (Q 24:32)

The breakdown of the relationship between Zayd and Zaynab

It is well-established from the sources that the marriage broke down. It can be described as irreconcilable differences. In fact, it is said that Zaynab herself said she could not even bear to look at Zayd, and agreed to return the dowry paid to her by Zayd, thus ending the relationship.

What happens to Zaynab as a divorcee?

Anyone with knowledge of Arab society, both in the past and present, can testify to the hardships a divorced woman will experience. Subsequent marriage was very difficult, if not impossible. Social stigmas are attached.  

The Qur'an itself states that the Prophet had tried to save the relationship between the two (Q 33:37), but those efforts failed.  It was after that that the Prophet did marry her. 

The context of this section of Soorah Al Ahzaab shows that there was a Divine wisdom in this entire saga, which shall be explored in the sections below.

Adoption reformation

As previously mentioned, Arabian society viewed adopted children with the same lenses as biological children. While adoption, particularly of orphans, is a praiseworthy action, shown by a plethora of Quranic texts and statements of the Prophet, the actual lineage of the adopted parties must be preserved (if known) as much as possible. With the advent of DNA testing technology, this is a task made much easier. 

Q 33:5 states "Call them by (the names of ) their fathers.." Also see verse 4, 36 and 37. Islam asks that the family line, the biological ties, be preserved. As a side note, some of the salafi writers have used this argument to speak against the common practice among Western Muslims (converts to Islam from Non Muslim backrounds) of changing names to traditional Muslim names(ft.4).

The particular relevance to the Prophet's status

In this chapter we have the famous text declaring the Prophet Muhammad as the seal of the Prophets. It is important to note context as well as precision of words. 

"Muhammad is not the father of any of your males, rather, he is God's messenger, and the seal of the Prophets. And Allah has knowledge of all things." (Q 33:40).

This shows us that marriage with Zaynab has three main benefits: {a) It demonstrates that the adoption reformation has taken place, placing emphasis on  the preservation of the biological family line. (b) It removes a social stigma that was present with marriage with a divorcee. (c) It shows us that there will be no prophetic successor to Muhammad. Thus, Zayd is no longer to be called "The son of Muhammad". Indeed, the Prophet's actual biological sons died in their toddler stages. 

The latter is the most important in the Divine wisdom. While reformers and great teachers can always emerge, we are taught that the doors of Nabuwwah and scriptural revelation have come to an end, demonstrated by Q 33:40.

Concluding thoughts?

The notion that Prophet Muhammad was so in love with Zaynab that he had to create false pretexts to be with her falls flat on its face when we examine the scriptural and historical evidence. Indeed, Karen Armstrong (a Non- Muslim religious scholar) has argued that not only had the Prophet always known Zaynab, but that whatever beauty there had been would have eliminated during the Makkan boycott in the previous period, a time in which Muslims were suffering starvation. 

The story that appears in some Muslim sources (that he saw her at her home in some state of undress) is more akin to the Biblical account of David (2 Samuel 11:2) has to be dismissed as fabricated. 

There is great wisdom in what actually happened with Zaynab, Zayd and the Messenger of God, and such hikmah is seen when studied deeply.

May Allah be pleased with those who were close and faithful to the Prophet, and may Allah's peace and blessings be on all of the Prophets and messengers. 

Footnotes

(1) The Hanafi school has a more nuanced understanding of the text mentioned here, as well as the subsequent discussions on standing "foot-to-foot, shoulder to shoulder" in prayers. We have seen problems between Hanafis and Non Hanafis, the latter sometimes taking the reluctance of their Hanafi brothers to stand foot to foot as demonstrations of racism (in an American context). This issue is actually a Fiqhi difference and stems from a different understanding of the texts that surround these practices within Salaah. For a glance at this issue, please see Maulana Abdul Rahman Ibn Yusuf's article at the following link. .See here

(2) The term here is Li'ta'aarafoo, "in order to come to know" This refers to benefiting from other communities of humans, adding to the diversity of existence. This can be found in food, music, philosophy, fashion, and countless other examples. In other words, God is saying he made us intentionally different as a means for us to learn from each other. 

(3) Taqwaa is a rich word whose meaning depends on context. Here, awareness of God and other people is the appropriate rendering.

(4) While the salafi position is understandable, I think that in a Western context, changing names is reflective of wanting a new life. In addition to this, the names African Americans typically carry are names given by the slave masters of generations past. Coming into Islam is a means to create a unique identity divorced from the past social crimes. It should be noted that Islam does NOT command changing names, unless the name carries a bad meaning. Thus, the hadeeth literature mentions that the Prophet changed someone named "war" (Harb) to "Calm" (Saleem), and "Ugly" (Qabeeh) to "handsome" (Jameel).

Personal Islam: creating a balance between public and private

 Introduction

As individuals moving through life, perhaps even in differing locations, we are forced to learn what is useful and what is superfluous. There are battles worth fighting, there are likewise times when simply moving on is best. 

In a world connected by the internet, artificial intelligence, cellphones and social media networks, our movements are open to scrutiny and criticism. This is not restricted to politicians but is now accessible to everyone. Those with sufficient abilities can hack into a stranger's correspondence and even bank accounts, even going so far as to "dox" an ideological opponent or attempt to create situations wherein individuals are "canceled". 

Much of this stems from cultural acceptance of these possibilities as byproducts of modern life, as well as downplaying the harms that come from ill-intentioned characters. Thus, victims of stalking, assault and the like, can receive little to no sympathy, their lives existing as nothing more than a source of entertainment to strangers, friends and foes alike. 

It is my assertion that it is vital for people to create balances in an ever-connected world.  The balance between being a responsible, public citizen and having privacy, a private life that should be respected by all. 

A person's Islam

The above translation of the hadeeth (which appears in collections such as Imam An Nawawi's Al Arba'oon an Nawawiyyah and subjected to great analysis in Ibn Rajab Al Hanbali's Jaami' al 'Uloom wal Hikam) is very strong. On the outset, I would render the translation as " From a person's pleasant Islamic (disposition) is his leaving (or abandoning) that which gives him no meaning." 

Either way, it shows us that nosiness, and the subsequent actions such as speculation, gossip, fake news and the like, are not characteristics that people should have or carry themselves in. 

In most of the Muslim cultures, (as an example) family affairs are deemed private, and it is deemed reprehensible for outsiders to engage in gossip and speculation on those matters, particularly if such behavior is engaged in by men. 

It would do well for Muslims and Non-Muslims alike to heed the wisdom of the Prophetic hadeeth cited above. Indeed, this narration counts as 25% of the texts necessary for a completed Islam, according to the hadeeth collector Imam Abu Dawud (d.889 C.E.). Thus, nosiness is in itself spiritually unhealthy. 

Simply put, if encountering speculation or information on a person, Our Prophet (Sall Allahu 'alayhi wa sallam) is telling us to leave it alone, even if it involves individuals on the opposite side of strongly held ideological beliefs. The exceptions would be if something forbidden by clear religious teachings, crimes, communal harm and the like. In such cases, it is necessary to do something about it.

لَا یُحِبُّ اللّٰہُ الۡجَہۡرَ بِالسُّوۡٓءِ مِنَ الۡقَوۡلِ اِلَّا مَنۡ ظُلِمَ ؕ وَکَانَ اللّٰہُ سَمِیۡعًا عَلِیۡمًا 

" Allah Loves not the expression of harm, except for those who have been wronged, Allah is the one who hears and knows." (Q 4:148)                                

Islam asks for a culture of respect.

A quick perusal of the Qur'an shows us important yet often neglected teachings. Among those tidbits of guidance, we are told not to enter into the homes of others without explicit permission, that there are times of the day when privacy is to be expected and only interrupted with consent, be cognizant of time and comfort of your host, and not to overstep one's boundaries when dealing with the family of your host. (Q 24:27, 58, 33:53, 59).

What about public figures?

Much of the Quranic texts cited above were involving the Prophet Muhammad himself, upon whom be peace. Undoubtedly, he was a public figure, as both a political leader and a person viewed by his followers as God's messenger, coming in a long line of Prophets who have graced humanity with their presence. 

Muhammad, although being a messenger of God, was still a human, with the same needs and struggles as other humans. A gentle, compassionate man by nature, he had the tendency to not vocalize if annoyed, offended, etc. 

Examples of these things are highlighted within the Qur'an in order to give lessons on human interaction. Thus, even he, as any other leaders, have the right to respect and for scrutiny/criticism not to be directed towards that which is not for the public.

Yet, what is interesting is that this happened, not only from zealous or unaware Muslims, but more importantly from his foes. The Qur'an mentions repeatedly this as coming from "hypocrites" (enemies disguised as Muslims) and those with "diseased hearts." (33:53, 59, 60 et al).

These types would find ways to harass the Prophet's wives, spread slanders and false stories. The Quranic revelation instructed his wives to have decorum in speech and dress, (33:32, 33 and 53) yet such actions from the hypocrites and those with diseased hearts continued!

Thus, Muslims are instructed that while it arguably acceptable to engage critically with the thoughts, policies and beliefs of public figures, going after their families or family matters are totally unacceptable. The concept of "doxing" is totally forbidden insofar as Islam is concerned. This prohibition is a natural extension of the prohibition of backbiting, slander and gossip (Q 49:11-12)

Does privacy exist within a family itself?

Although a difficult and debatable question, it is our understanding that this extends even within the family unit itself. Minor children should be shielded as much as possible from the problems between their parents. It is unnecessary for each clan member to know your bank account balance.

The Quranic story of Joseph (Yusuf, 'alayhis salaam) highlights that jealousy emerged from his own family to the point where his own brothers contemplated his murder, before deciding on exile. 

His father, the Prophet and patriarch Jabob (Ya'qoob 'alayhis salaam) advised him to keep certain things private, because he was cognizant of the hatred in the hearts of the other children (Q 12: 5, 7, 8-10).

Similarly, the Qur'an has wisely stated that marriage problems be dealt with through only one "judge" (hakaman) from the wife's family, and one from the husband's family. (Q 4:35)

Making such trauma bigger by involving more parties only complicates the situation. 

Conclusion

Every situation is unique, as well as every culture. Our perceptions as individuals will vary. Our perception of what should be kept under wraps may differ from that of the readers, however as general principles, we should have the religious maturity to concentrate on what actually concerns us, and not enter into other people's business. 

This is a lesson that is delivered by the Qur'an and Sunnah. Some may argue that human curiosity prevails over religious slogans, yet as Muslims it is necessary to seek conformity to our religious sources. ( Q 33:71). Looked at from a different angle, no benefit is derived from knowing another person's news, good or bad. The curious observer most likely will be unable or unwilling to help the object of their curiosity, so it is pointless to "investigate" in the first place. 

In terms of "good news", it is my view that that should also be limited in public exposure. Attention from the jealous, hateful or envious can create it's own problems. I have long believed that the prohibition (for men) of wearing gold or silk- found within the Prophetic tradition- exists in order to limit jealousy, crime and other negative reactions from others. Modesty and humbleness should be exhibited by all parties (but especially those of wealth) in public. 

Simple and easy study methods

 Introduction:

The necessity for learning is a universally accepted reality. Be it walking, talking, planting seeds, growing crops. grammar, mathematics and more, we are in a constant state of information increase, almost until the last moments of life itself.  

While it is true that there are innate abilities and interests that are unique to each individual, and that learning disabilities, social conditions, and mental health conditions can have an impact on educational goals, there are simple and easy ways to develop effective skills to retain, understand, and be successful in accomplishing such needs.

Below you will find some tips which I have utilized, which have benefited me greatly. The steps below have been divided into individual scenarios.

(1) In school (High school, university, or other)

In such an environment, classes are taken within certain time frames, with rules and methods often unique to the institution or the teacher(s). In a broad sense, it is important to have time disciplines, avoiding distractions (that are readily available today via mobile phones, internet etc), adequate sleep, income, diet, and even good peers. 

Some subjects we have to study are actually not interesting nor relevant to our goals, but if they are required courses (and unable to switch to more pertinent classes), they must be tackled. Lectures, reading, taking notes, asking questions from instructors, all are necessary steps. 

While families should take steps to make the above easier to accomplish, it is incumbent on the student to create the environment most conducive to their own circumstances. Going to the library or park to study. Have notebooks(ft.1) dedicated to particular subjects/classes. If the subject under study is linguistic or scientific, as much immersion as possible is necessary. Living in a country where the language is spoken, study of literature, music, and the like. Attaining assistance from those capable people is also necessary.

(2) Individual study

This may be classified under informal study, in which there are no outside pressures, such as tests, deadlines, and the like are present. This could also be applicable (particularly to the elderly) in learning how to navigate the technology of the modern era. 

A great deal of patience and discipline is required here, and depending on which subject, it can be relatively simple. A person can simply have instructions in a conspicuous spot that explains how to use the computer or to enroll in automatic bill pay. That could be sufficient.

However, for more complex topics, some more work would be required. Much of the advice from paragraph #1 above is applicable, but keep in mind that if no (physical) teacher is present, self-teaching a subject can result in internalizing incorrect information, because no one was there to give a correction, especially in language arts. 

It is for this reason that (depending on which area of study) a teacher is highly recommended, even in self-teaching. The teacher does not always have to be an actual academic, but rather sufficient enough to assist one's growth in the subject. That teacher does not need to think on behalf of the student. 

There are countless institutes in operation today on every subject imaginable, even outside of academia. The internet, and particularly in a post-COVID era, has seen the emergence of mass online learning, via ZOOM and other such platforms. While this is very useful, it is still the view of this writer that whenever possible, interactions with those giving us academic assistance should be done in person, rather than in a virtual realm. 

(3) Scriptural study

For Muslims, the Qur'an is the words of God, conveyed to the Prophet Muhammad. The word Qur'an itself carries the meaning of recitation, or that which is to be repeatedly read. The title is very appropriate when we consider the role it plays in the Islamic life. It is the central source of religious guidance, used in legal and cultural roles. 

Thus, we have to divide this discussion into (a) Memorization/Recitation (Hifz/Qira'aat) and (b) Understanding in a religious/academic role (tafheem/tafseer)(ft.#2)

(a) The Qur'an is the core text recited in daily prayers. Thus, all practicing Muslims memorize some portions (ft.3). If the goal is to memorize selected portions for prayers, this can be done via a teacher, repeated listening to the mosque Imam recitation during communal worship (ft.#4), as well as YOUTUBE videos, CDs while driving, cleaning, etc. The mind can retain such texts just as we retain song lyrics. If the goal is to memorize the entire text, this- in my opinion- requires a teacher, discipline, time and patience. It can take years to accomplish. 

For memorization of a particular text (such as Ayatul Kursiyy, 2:255 for example), after one or two of the daily prayers, play a recording of it, and after learning it, use it inside of your prayers. Indeed, rotate various Quranic passages for usage in daily prayers (ft.5)

(b) Understanding the Qur'an: The Qur'an was given slowly to the Prophet Muhammad, Sall Allahu 'alayhi wa sallam, therefore, we must also expect that it won't reveal its treasures overnight. While teachers are useful in conveying information on it, we should take heed that it is also a text which God himself teaches (Q 55:2). While I do consult tafaseer (Quranic commentaries) in seeking to understand texts, my methods can be summarized as follows: Notebooks, in which texts, commentaries, reflections, questions are all noted down and studied. Consultation of the original Arabic text, as well as linguistic resources(ft.5). For a more exhaustive presentation on this, see This link as well as this lecture

Bible study

While I do not claim expertise in Biblical studies, I do study it, and generally follow the development of Biblical Hermeneutics as a religious and cultural field. I have found that writing notes in the back pages, highlighting passages, and notebooks have been very useful. There are also a number of Jewish and Christian scholars whose reflections are very deep in these regards. 

My personal library contains almost all of the English translations and commentaries on the market, and have benefited greatly from all of them, despite my theological differences (ft.#6). Thus, I won't make any recommendations on a particular Bible translation or version. 

General tips

(1) Use physical books for study when possible. Studying via e-books, audiobooks, PDF files, etc does not result in retaining the information nor in easier accessibility than physical books and notebooks.

(2) Don't be afraid to ask or acknowledge weaknesses in a particular subject.

(3) Review your written materials, as well as any lecture videos, recordings, etc., on a regular basis.

(4) Try using (or at least discussing) new information, it will help in retaining and understanding the information.

(5) Have a strong social network, particularly in spiritual affairs or religious studies.

(6) Avoid distractions during study time.

Footnotes

(1) Notebooks should be big enough to note texts, questions and the like. I suggest employing various color pens and highlighters in order to access information later. This can be done on a laptop computer as well; however, I do not suggest a phone, tablet or I-PAD for these purposes.

(2) Tafheem means "understanding" while Tafseer means "explanation", the latter being the term employed for Quranic hermeneutical literature. All the Muslim sects have produced contributions to the tafseer genre, (much of which is not available in English), yet it is my view that Tafheem is a better term, because ultimately these all represent human efforts to grasp the Divine message, and as humans we are subject to human limitations. 

(3) After Al-Faatihah, the most memorized passages include chapters 112-114, because of their brevity and content, very useful for prayers. It is our suggestion that personal favorite Quranic passages be studied, memorized and used in prayers, as this has been another method for retaining knowledge. The "verse of God's light" (Q 24:35), or texts which speak of Divine mercy and the like are recommendations. 

(4) The Friday prayers (Salaat al Jumu'ah) is the most obvious example, but also the fajr, maghrib and 'ishaa prayers, because in the first two standing postures of those prayers, the Quranic recitation is done aloud. (Jahri). Praying in a mosque or a communal setting during those times will allow for absorbing and memorizing texts, and eventually to employ the same texts for yourself. 

(5) There are a number of works from the classical periods of Muslim history which looks at the Qur'an from a linguistic perspective mainly, such as Tafseer Al-Kashshaaf  (whose author died in 1143). Resources such as Lane's Lexicon are ideal for Quranic studies (and indeed, all English translations refer to LL). However, even though LL is in English, knowledge of Arabic language is still necessary in order to access its contents. Indeed, the Qur'an itself cannot be accessed from a truly deep position without Arabic language. There are some dictionaries on the market, whose focus is on Quranic vocabulary, yet even those works have limitations. For English readers interested in a mostly linguistic approach to the Qur'an would do well to read The Message of the Qur'an, the translation and commentary by Muhammad Asad. That work relies heavily on Tafseer Al-Kashshaaf. 

(6) While we have highlighted commonalities between the Bible and Qur'an in the following lecture at this link we have also shown significant differences and the reasons for that here

 

Musa and Khidr: a brief reply to controversy

 

Our brothers and sisters in faith,

As salaamu 'alaikum wa rahmatullahi wa barakaatuh.  This post is meant to briefly address misunderstandings which have emerged as a result of comments I made during the Jumu'ah Khutbah two days ago in Las Vegas, Nevada.

On the outset, I would like to say that I am like any other human being. I welcome discussion and questions, so as long as they are posed with decorum (adab). Moreover, I am able to make mistakes in speech, choice of words, and even conclusions, just like anyone else. It is for this reason that Muslims always have within our speeches the expression "God knows best" (Allahu A'lam), particularly when exploring scriptural texts.

With that said, it is important to say, as a matter of personal faith, that I am a believer in the Qur'an. I am 100% convinced that it is from God!  I have no doubt that its contents are conveyed by Allah, that it is preserved and intact, from the time of revelation till now. The more information I encounter in life only reinforces this conviction. 

إِنَّمَا ٱلْمُؤْمِنُونَ ٱلَّذِينَ إِذَا ذُكِرَ ٱللَّهُ وَجِلَتْ قُلُوبُهُمْ وَإِذَا تُلِيَتْ عَلَيْهِمْ ءَايَـٰتُهُۥ زَادَتْهُمْ إِيمَـٰنًۭا وَعَلَىٰ رَبِّهِمْ يَتَوَكَّلُونَ

" Verily, believers are only those when Allah is mentioned, their hearts are moved. And when His signs (i.e. Quranic verses) are related to them, it increases them in faith (imaanan), and upon their Sustainer they have reliance" ( Q 8:2)

During the khutbah, I mentioned in passing that I am more inclined to take the account of Moses (Prophet Musa, 'alayhis salaam) encounter with the mysterious teacher known as Khidr (a name meaning "greenish", an allusion to fresh, healthy knowledge) in metaphorical terms. 

Let me clarify, metaphor does not equate fiction nor something fake. In this context, the intended meaning of my words is that there are important lessons that are being delivered to the readers by means of the account, some of which were highlighted within the khutbah itself. 

 

While it is acknowledged by all hands that symbolic terminology exists within the texts of the Qur'an and Sunnah, disagreements naturally arise as to which texts fall under the category of clear and which are open to interpretation. The Qur'an itself speaks on this " He it is who sent down upon you (O Muhammad) The scripture, of it are verses of decisive character (Aayaatun Muhkamaat) , they are the foundational for the scripture (ummul Kitaab), and others are flexible in understanding (mutashaabihaat)...and none knows its (ultimate) explanation (Ta'weel) except Allah and those grounded in knowledge (war raasikhoona fil 'ilm): They assert "We believe in it, all of it is from Our Lord's presence" and none grasp (all of) this except those of understanding " ( Q 3:7)

ہُوَ الَّذِیۡۤ اَنۡزَلَ عَلَیۡکَ الۡکِتٰبَ مِنۡہُ اٰیٰتٌ مُّحۡکَمٰتٌ ہُنَّ اُمُّ الۡکِتٰبِ وَاُخَرُ مُتَشٰبِہٰتٌ ؕ فَاَمَّا الَّذِیۡنَ فِیۡ قُلُوۡبِہِمۡ زَیۡغٌ فَیَتَّبِعُوۡنَ مَا تَشَابَہَ مِنۡہُ ابۡتِغَآءَ الۡفِتۡنَۃِ وَابۡتِغَآءَ تَاۡوِیۡلِہٖ ۚ؃ وَمَا یَعۡلَمُ تَاۡوِیۡلَہٗۤ اِلَّا اللّٰہُ ۘؔ وَالرّٰسِخُوۡنَ فِی الۡعِلۡمِ یَقُوۡلُوۡنَ اٰمَنَّا بِہٖ ۙ کُلٌّ مِّنۡ عِنۡدِ رَبِّنَا ۚ وَمَا یَذَّکَّرُ اِلَّاۤ اُولُوا الۡاَلۡبَابِ ﴿۸

The goal of Divine revelation is to give us direction, a firm foundation in both religious and worldly senses. It employs both direct and subtle means to accomplish this, and similarly delivers guidelines which are easily recognized. 

Is there any precedent for symbolic interpretations of Moses and Khidr account among Ahlus Sunnah wal jamaa'ah?

The account only appears in Soorat al Kahf, a text which reports in the hadeeth literature assert provides protection from false messianic figure (Al Maseeh id Dajjal) as well as a light from week to week (the latter being the source for the practice of reading it on Fridays). Thus, it has a theological, practical and phycological importance. 

While a number of thinkers and scholars within the Islamic community have, throughout the centuries, opined rather interesting allegorical interpretations, the outstanding voices within Ahlus Sunnah that shared this include figures such as Naasirudeen Al Baydawi (d. 1319 c.e.). His famous Quranic exegesis, Anwaar at tanzeel wa Asraar at-ta'weel, better known as Tasfeer Al Baydawi,  in speaking on the text which introduces the account, writes "It is said that the two oceans are Moses and Khidr, Moses was ocean of outer knowledge (ilm udh dhaahir) and Khidr was knowledge of the inner ('ilmul Baatin)." ( Tafseer Al Baydawi, vol. 3, pg. 287, Beirut, Lebanon, Mu'assat Tareeekhul 'Arabi edition).

Zamakhshari, (d. 1143) in his famed commentary (Al Kashshaaf) has said similar words. " Some of the commentaries assert "Verily, the two oceans are Moses and Khidr, for the two of them were certainly two oceans of knowledge (li-annahumaa kaanaa bahrayni fil 'ilm). (Al Kashshaaf, vol.1, pg 537, Beirut, Darul Kitaab al Arabi edition).  Remember that in the account, Moses, peace be upon him, had made a vow to travel to the junction of the two oceans. There, he meets Khidr, and the above exegetes have shared how they themselves embody those oceans, i.e., two types of knowledge, an allegorical image.

It is worth noting that the term "metaphor" is found within the Soorah itself, (32, 45, and 54). In 18:54, it tells us that the Qur'an employs "every (type of) metaphor" (kulli mathalin) to benefit people.

There is acceptable divergence allowed in hermeneutics, this is part of spiritual and intellectual growth. Nonetheless, I pray that this brief post allows that the confusion has been cleared up, wa billaahit Tawfeeq. 

Which of your faith's or tradition's beliefs do you consider to be universal?

 We recently participated in a panel discussion with representatives of various faiths, sharing beliefs or values deemed universal. It was well-attended, with a robust question and answer session. 

Timestamps of the program are found below.

35:15- Aleda Nelson opening remarks 

42:40- Moderator Elham Roohani opening remarks, introducing the speakers and format.

50:43 Michael Gobaud (atheist)

59:00 Pastor Kelcey West (Christian)

1:04 Imam Shamsuddin Waheed (Islam)

1:13 Martine Hubbard (Baha'i)

1:21 Rev.Claire Summerhill (Center for Spiritual Living)

1:30- Q and A session.

The link to this program can be found Here

Some photos can be found below.

We must acknowledge the gracious hosts from the Baha'i center of Las Vegas for their hospitality. 

The role of men in Islam: Some reflections on commonly asked questions

 

                   The role of men in Islam: some reflections on commonly asked questions

 

 

Introduction

 

While there have always been cultural differences between groups, a certain amount of uniformity existed amongst all, particularly when it comes to the biological and social functions of men and women. Men would be deemed the de facto head of the households, and women would carry responsibilities within the family.

 

This has certainly changed, not only in the West, but increasingly around the world. The reasons and general implications of these changes are beyond the scope of this presentation, nonetheless it is prudent to address some commonly asked questions from an Islamic perspective. I am cognizant that the following views are debatable, and I welcome respectful dialogue. I would also like to point out that this article does not endorse any actions or attitudes that bring forth familial and social disasters.

(1) Masculine leadership

The need for organization is universally recognized. In fact, we have countless examples of it in nature. Bees are organized into Queens, workers and drones. The beehive itself is set up to maximize productivity and storage. The Qur’an (16:68) actually makes a reference to their cognitive abilities and their organizational activity, referring to it as products of Divine inspiration.

 

In a similar fashion, the Qur’an has mentioned what a healthy structure is supposed to look like:

“The Men are responsible (Qawwamoona ‘alaa)  for the maintenance of (their) ladies: in that God has consistently delivered those (abilities) over (the same to) others, and in that they (the men) spend of their means (amwaalihim)... “Q 4:34)

 

The above text mentions responsibilities and places emphasis on financial arrangements. These two items certainly translate into different things for different people, and admittedly can vary from era to age. The term Qawaamoon carries the meaning of holding up, on a regular basis, a healthy establishment.

 

This can take the form of protection, advice, and guidance from a more rational basis. In terms of financial arrangements, ultimately this a guarantee of relative security, rather than a whimsical or temporary relationship.

(2) Polygamy

(1 

 

Undoubtedly a sensitive topic for women, Islam has allowed it, as illustrated in the following text:

“So marry women of your choosing: two, three or four, yet if you fear inability to be just, then one (waahidah), or from malakat aymaanukum,(ft.1)  that is most suitable to prevent injustice” ( Q 4:3).

 

A reading of the context reveals that the idea is simply a form of protection for those who are isolated, alone, without families or familiar support (al yataamaa). The Qur’an has not been silent on social needs, this is a faith which recognizes the realities of the world.

 

(3)    Is there any physical disciplining allowed in Islam?  

 

 

This topic deserves a great deal of analysis, as there are many misconceptions on this. The Qur’an summarizes the wife’s duty as “guarding what God would have them guard..” which is understood to include family wealth, private information as well as (most importantly) intimate relations. It says further that when there is risk of the above being violated, the husband is to (a) inform her tactfully (fa’idhoo-hunna),  (b) sleep separately ( ihjurununna fil madaaji’i) , and (c)  take a physical step (idribuhunna).

 

The “physical step” has been given in the Prophetic Sunnah as NOT domestic abuse, but rather showing displeasure by using- for an example- a tooth brush (Miswak). Moreover, we are told directly in the hadeeth literature (saheeh Muslim 2328) that Prophet Muhammad never hit a woman.

 

Moreover, the term idrib has a plethora of alternative meanings, both in the Qur’an itself as well as usages in Arabic, including to leave, to propose/explain (ft.2) . This has led many to suggest that the meaning is simply for the man to depart from the relationship in which the woman has showed disrespect of the basic duties (Nushooz).

 

Most have understood a-c above as the sequence of steps to take to resolve the negative situation, while the great jurist Imam Abu Hanifa (d. 767 C.E.) has taken the above as choices, rather than sequential steps.

 

There is some guidance on this aspect from the traditions of the Prophet that relate to other matters. He has categorically stated that the faces should not be struck, and that believers are not to bring harm to each other. Thus, putting all of this together, it seems to be suggesting that in those times that harmony is needed, that the healthy, mature husband is to take action to safeguard the family, to use an analogy, to push a person out of the way of an incoming vehicle, as a means to save their life.

 

This should never translate into domestic violence, abuse or harm of any type, as such would be inconsistent with Islamic values.

(4)    Dress

 

Men and women are both expected to dress with decorum and modestly in public. The precise clothing varies according to personal and cultural/environmental tastes. For more details, see Shamsuddin Waheed: Just what is allowed and not allowed in Islam? Addressing some commonly asked questions

at this link

 

(5)    Equality between men and women

 

 

The Qur’an certainly says that there are ways in which men and women are different, including that of physical strength. This is the typical pattern in human beings. 

However, in the most important areas, we clearly see a spiritual equality, in the sense that both genders are equal in the sight of Allah. The Qur’an says “VERILY, for all men and women who have surrendered themselves unto God, and all believing men and believing women, and all truly devout men and truly devout women, and all men and women who are true to their word, and all men and women who are patient in adversity, and all men and women who humble themselves [before God], and all men and women who give in charity, and all self-denying men and self-denying women and all men and women who are mindful of their chastity, and all men and women who remember God unceasingly: for [all of] them has God readied forgiveness of sins and a mighty reward.” (Q 33:35 Muhammad Asad translation)

 

The Qur’an also states that both have a chance of paradise of hellfire, contingent upon their thinking process and actions ( Q 33:73).

Footnotes

(1) The concept of milk-ul-yameen has traditionally been understood as sexual slavery: we reject that assertion, in light of Quranic evidence, for which, see Shamsuddin Waheed: Does Islam sanction slavery?  see link here

(2) For other Quranic examples, see 4:101, 3:156, 14:24, 25 and other verses.

THE INTERSECTION BETWEEN THE OCCULT AND HUMAN LIFE

 Introduction

The following are just a few observations, made in light of things that I have seen (largely in the course of my work) in the last three years. The paranormal or the occult is certainly a field that I have had no prior interest in, nor have done intensive studies of, but repeated cases and situations have inspired me to seek out information from reliable sources, and to understand (and hopefully apply) the perspective as derived from Islamic sources.

This article is by no means exhaustive, nor does it claim to be authoritative. Feedback is welcomed and appreciated. I have had discussions with those who have had a deep background in the occult world and its varied aspects and have taken the time to study one important authoritative text on this subject, written by an academic sympathetic to the occult. However, this article will not cite either the persons in discussion, or the important text-source. The former is to respect the privacy of such people, who have made efforts to change their lives towards a direction of submission to God as portrayed in the Islamic faith, while the former I have opted not to share the title because I do not want to encourage reading of that text, nor of any text associated with the paranormal. I have looked at these subjects only out of necessity, as a means to understand what others are facing as well as attaining protection with God from that realm for myself. The religion of Islam has actually forbidden Muslims to interact with the paranormal, and even that which resembles that realm. Although there are many ahadeeth (sayings of the Prophet Muhammad, Sall Allahu 'alayhi wa sallam) on this subject, it seems sufficient to quote only one:   

'Abdullah ibn Mas'ood reported that the Messenger of Allah said " Indeed, spells, amulets and charms are (manifestations of) idolatry (shirkun)." (Sunan Abi Dawud 3883).

The occult in the modern world

While it is fashionable to view the occult as obscure rituals, conducted secretly in an isolated location, the reality is that those who openly worship Satan, as well as those who generally have occult interests, or a hatred of religion generally, are often placed in positions of influence, in particular the areas of entertainment, fashion, and the like. One example is the sci-fi writer Don Webb.  Another example is Michael A.Aquino, involved in the dissemination of a text known as The Satanic Bible. A quick search online can reveal that he was an academic, seemingly with a life-long interest in the occult, he reportedly saw himself as the "beast" referred to in the Book of Revelations(ft.1). Earlier in his career, he was involved in psyc-ops, using heavy metal music as torture on Vietnamese prisoners.

Many of the popular television shows are produced by agnostics, and they are not shy to share their views on religion as being a primitive force. Seth Macfarlane is a good example. Producer of shows such as FAMILY GUY, AMERICAN DAD and others. He is an open atheist, and any regular viewer of FAMILY GUY can easily recall episodes which ridicule religion.

These are just a few examples of influential figures presenting their social agendas in the guise of entertainment.

The messages coming from entertainment coinciding with occultic agendas

While it can be argued that individual producers, entertainers, etc. are not (knowingly) involved with the occult, let's take a moment to look at the messages delivered to viewers. These shows (which are actually cartoons, which would naturally be appealing to young children) promote disrespect of family structure, deviant sexual practices, hedonistic behavior, abandonment of faith, and extreme individualism. 

The above are all well established as agendas for Satanists. It has been observed that they tend to present their worldview as one which seeks an escape from social restrictions, often having their origin in religiously inspired values. 

It is my understanding that the proliferation and normalization of intoxicants, single parent homes, the hook-up culture, and so much more are in line with the devilish agenda.

Startling Quranic information on Satan that parallels with the modern world

(1) Satan "whispers" to humans, encouraging them to disrobe. (Q 7:20). 

(2) Demonic company is preferred by those without faith (Q 7:27).

(3) Devilish types are selfish by nature, and encourage others to be the same mentality, hoarding wealth, neither investing in business (which promotes economic growth broadly) nor spending in charity (acts which are done to lift up humans in need) (Q 17:27).

(4) The breaking up of families, in the name of petty jealousies and the like (Q 12:100).

(5) Satan uses people's stresses and anxiety as a means of attack. (Q 38:41)

(6) The promotion of "virtual" reality, as opposed to what is actually real (Q 6:71, 47:25).

(7) The promotion of intoxicants, gambling, and occult rituals (Q 5:90-91).

The above parallels are apparent for any who is willing to observe carefully. Thus, it is imperative that we are cognizant of the manner by which Satan inflicts damage.

What about mental health?

This article does not deny that there are many cases of legitimate mental health problems, which has its own methods of treatment. It can be argued (as it has actually been argued by the authors of Broke in America: Seeing, Understanding and Ending U.S. poverty) that many of the conditions mentioned above are in fact the reasons mental health problems exist. After all, those isolated from their families would naturally have reasons to feel insecure.

While it cannot be denied that mental health issues occur, both in a "satanic" and "non-satanic" context, treatment of it has to be physical, moral, social and spiritual. 

The occult and relationships

A recurring theme, crossing religious and cultural lines, is the usage of the occult for positive romantic relationships.  Spells, curses, amulets, voodoo dolls, and more have been employed to break up relationships, destroy families and create conditions for one person to attain the object of their romantic interest.

The Qur'an mentions a rather profound example of this. The passage (Q 2:102-103) mentions both the kingdom of Solomon and Babylon in connection to figures who would be involved in teaching methods to break up couples. While the passage has much that needs to be discussed further (ft.2), it should be sufficient here to say that the Islamic religion has totally outlawed such activities. Rather, one should pray to God. The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) has taught famously the prayer for seeking assistance in these regards known as the Istikhaarah prayer (ft.3), and the Qur'an itself has a short du'aa (supplication) that teaches us -in a summarized fashion- that we should avoid obsessions and whimsical attachments, but rather seek that which will be a comfort in this life! For this supplication, go to Q 25:76.

Jinns

Jinns, be they positive or negative, belong to the unseen world, and can largely be associated with the occult. Islam teaches that we are to avoid interaction with that world, and the last two chapters of the Qur'an (Soorah Al Falaq and An Naas) are very affective, when recited, as protection from those invisible forces.

The hadeeth literature (saheeh Al Bukhari 61:530) has also recorded the importance of the recitation of the "throne verse" (Ayatul Kursiyy 2:255) before sleeping. The text speaks of God concept in a clear and beautiful fashion, granting a strengthening of faith, a needed component in surviving Satanic assaults throughout life!

Practical actions

The Qur'an has mentioned many practical areas in which Satan launches attacks. Indeed, in the list above, we can see that if we do the opposite of what Satan is depicted as encouraging, that goes a long way in creating protection. We have placed emphasis on good company, especially in the romantic realm, daily prayer, healthy distance from electronic distractions, exercise, abandoning un-wholesome music and entertainment. Other items, derived from the Quranic texts mentioned above, include public decency, regular acts of charity, building of faith in God, avoiding jealousy (both having it and being the object of it) and consistent reference to Allah in speech.

Jealousy is a powerful emotion. It can also be dangerous, as universally recognized. The last two chapters of the Qur'an points out that whispers can feed jealousy, which is why it functions as a text of protection from this unpredictable feeling.

I believe this is so important, that-atleast to avoid being the object of jealousy ( hasad in Quranic terminology), one should not flaunt one's blessings, especially to those without the same. This is the logic of the Prophet forbidding men from wearing gold and silk. Men are the traditional earners, in public spaces. Wearing such items invites hatred, crime and much more.  

Similarly, I think it is important here to avoid sharing too much in public about personal or family business, even if it is positive. Flaunting wealth is also something which needs to be avoided.

If one feels jealous, also recite chapters 113-114 of the Qur'an, say "Maa-shaa Allah" (thus, as God has willed) and remember what the Prophet has said. He -upon whom be peace- has stated that one should not look at the one above, but rather the one below. In other words, you have a blessing already, but you have to recognize it as such.

Footnotes

(1) The Book of Revelations is the Last book in the New Testament. While the history of the text and author is disputed, the point was that Aquino self-identified with evil, as found in the Christian scripture. 

(2) Certain terms within the text requires much discussion. Take, for example,  Sihr. It is usually translated as "magic" but can have implications that have no relation to the occult (as popularly understood) such as eloquence in speech as well as corruption. Similarly, the text speaks of two beings, who taught methods to break up a married couple. The term can be read "two angels" (malakayn) or as "malikayn" (two kings). An aspect of this is whether or not they are simple similar to (but not precisely) one of the labels mentioned above, both of which have implications in understanding the text. In any case, the text presents a lesson, i.e. that no one experiences anything unless it is by the Divine will. The text which follows (Q 2:103) also states that faith and awareness (attaqoo, i.e. taqwaa) are better, meaning that these two items provide a sufficient protection from evil.  It is perhaps these two which often get neglected in the powerful nations, thus, the reference to Solomon's kingdom and the Babylonian civilization.

(3) For more information on the Istikhaarah prayer, see Shamsuddin Waheed: Reflections on Istikhaarah: the priorities of life .